Input/output with files
C++ provides the following classes to perform output and input of characters to/from files: ofstream:…
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Day: January 27, 2014
Preprocessor directives
Preprocessor directives are lines included in the code of programs preceded by a hash sign…
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Exceptions
Exceptions provide a way to react to exceptional circumstances (like runtime errors) in programs by…
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Type conversions
Implicit conversion Implicit conversions are automatically performed when a value is copied to a compatible…
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Polymorphism
Before getting any deeper into this chapter, you should have a proper understanding of pointers…
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Friendship and inheritance
Friend functions In principle, private and protected members of a class cannot be accessed from…
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Special members
Special member functions are member functions that are implicitly defined as member of classes under…
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Classes (II)
Overloading operators Classes, essentially, define new types to be used in C++ code. And types…
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Classes (I)
Classes are an expanded concept of data structures: like data structures, they can contain data…
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Other data types
Type aliases (typedef / using) A type alias is a different name by which a…
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Data structures
Data structures A data structure is a group of data elements grouped together under one…
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Dynamic memory
In the programs seen in previous chapters, all memory needs were determined before program execution…
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Pointers
In earlier chapters, variables have been explained as locations in the computer’s memory which can…
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Character sequences
The string class has been briefly introduced in an earlier section. It is a very…
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Arrays
An array is a series of elements of the same type placed in contiguous memory…
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Name visibility
Scopes Named entities, such as variables, functions, and compound types need to be declared before…
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Overloads and templates
In C++, two different functions can have the same name if their parameters are different;…
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Functions
Functions allow to structure programs in segments of code to perform individual tasks. In C++,…
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Statements and flow control
A simple C++ statement is each of the individual instructions of a program, like the…
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Basic Input/Output
The example programs of the previous sections provided little interaction with the user, if any…
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Operators
Once introduced to variables and constants, we can begin to operate with them by using…
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